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This webpage lists the amount it cost the U.S. government to take the Federal Decennial Census for each of the census years 1790-2010...
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| Census Year | Total Population | Census Cost | Average Cost Per Person |
| 1790 | 3,929,214 | $44,377 | 1.13 cents |
| 1800 | 5,308,483 | $66,109 | 1.24 cents |
| 1810 | 7,239,881 | $178,445 | 2.46 cents |
| 1820 | 9,633,822 | $208,526 | 2.16 cents |
| 1830 | 12,866,020 | $378,545 | 2.94 cents |
| 1840 | 17,069,458 | $833,371 | 4.88 cents |
| 1850 | 23,191,876 | $1,423,351 | 6.14 cents |
| 1860 | 31,443,321 | $1,969,377 | 6.26 cents |
| 1870 | 38,558,371 | $3,421,198 | 8.87 cents |
| 1880 | 50,155,783 | $5,790,678 | 11.54 cents |
| 1890 | 62,979,766 | $11,547,127 | 18.33 cents |
| 1900 | 76,303,387 | $11,854,000 | 15.54 cents |
| 1910 | 91,972,266 | $15,968,000 | 17.07 cents |
| 1920 | 105,710,620 | $25,117,000 | 23.76 cents |
| 1930 | 122,775,046 | $40,156,000 | 32.71 cents |
| 1940 | 131,669,275 | $67,527,000 | 51.29 cents |
| 1950 | 151,325,798 | $91,462,000 | 60.44 cents |
| 1960 | 179,323,175 | $127,934,000 | 71.34 cents |
| 1970 | 203,302,031 | $247,653,000 | $1.22 |
| 1980 | 226,542,199 | $1,078,488,000 | $4.76 |
| 1990 | 248,718,301 | $2,492,830,000 | $10.02 |
| 2000 | 281,421,906 | $4.5 Billion | $15.99 |
| 2010* | 308,983,000 | $14.5 Billion | $46.93 |
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The U.S. population reached 300,000,000 on 17 October 2006
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Source...
Gauthier, Jason G., Measuring America: The Decennial Censuses From 1790-2000, (US Bureau of the Census/Dept of Commerce), Washington: US Government Printing Office, 2002, Appendix A, Page A-1.
The numbers in the fourth column are not included in the book and were added by me.
* 2010 data is estimated using GAO and U.S. Census Bureau information. These numbers may change. The official census day for 2010 is April 1. See: 2010 Census by the Numbers
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